India and Pakistan 70 years on : How independence came about

In this photo taken on August 2, 2017, Indian and Pakistani border guards take part in the nightly ceremony at the India-Pakistan border in Wagah Credit: AFPPakistani Wing Commander Bilal (2L) presents sweets to presents sweets to Indian Border Security Force (BSF) Commandant Sudeep (4R) during a ceremony to celebrate Pakistan's Independence Day at the India-Pakistan Wagah border post on August 14, 2017 Credit: AFP
The Indian independence movement began in 1857. The early proponents led militant uprisings against British rule, but the leaders of the Indian National Congress, which was founded in 1885, pushed for more rights for Indians in terms of the vast civil service and land ownership. 

From the 1920s onwards, Mahatma Gandhi was established as the leader of the Indian independence movement. His belief in civil rights and non-violent struggle inspired a generation. Many inspirational activists came to the fore, such as B. R. Ambedkar, who championed greater rights for the lower castes, that had been treated despicably under British colonial rule.

In 1942, Congress launched the "Quit India" movement. Britain, leading the fight against Nazism in the Second World War alongside 2.5 million Indian troops, promised to grant India independence after the war. Following the Battle of Britain, Gandhi said he would not push for India's self-rule out of the ashes of a destroyed Britain.

Mahatma Gandhi in 1947 Credit: Royston Leonard / mediadrumworld

However, by the end of the war and with its empire weakened, Britain was unable to resist the overwhelming demand for independence. Both Congress and the Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, dominated elections. Further, Clement Attlee, by now Britain's prime minister, was a supporter of independence.

In a climate of growing communal tensions and pressure from Jinnah, who argued that Muslims should have their own state, the Mountbatten Plan was hastily conceived. It divided British India along broad religious lines. The problem being that there were millions of Muslims living in what would become Hindu-majority India and huge numbers of Hindus and Sikhs living in what would be Muslim-majority Pakistan.

Mountbatten and Jinnah Credit: Royston Leonard / mediadrumworld

Sir Cyril Radcliffe, who led the Boundary Commission, proposed the Radcliffe Line, which was a "notional division" of the vast country based on simple district majorities. He submitted his plan for both the west and east borders on August 9 1947 - just five days before it came into force.

The two countries celebrate on different days because Lord Mountbatten, the viceroy of British India, had to attend the Pakistan celebration on August 14th and then travel to Delhi for India's first independence day on August 15.

King George VI remained the head of state of India until the enshrining of the country's constitution in 1950. Likewise, Pakistan remained a Dominion of the Crown until 1956, when its constitution came into force.

Partition leads to mass migration

The separation based on border lines created by the British at the end of their colonial rule came into effect at the stroke of midnight on the eve of Aug 14, 1947.

In the days, weeks and months following Partition, 15 million Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs, fearing discrimination, swapped countries in an upheaval that cost more than a million lives.

During the chaotic transition, train cars full of bodies arrived at railway stations in the twin cities of Lahore and Amritsar in the province of Punjab, which was split roughly down the middle.

At least a million died along the journey, the rest pouring into fetid camps erected in cities already pushed to the brink by violence, looting and food shortages.

Credit: Royston Leonard / mediadrumworld

In New Delhi, where law and order had almost completely broken down, tens of thousands of Muslims sheltered behind the 16th-century walls of Humayan's Tomb waiting for safe passage to Pakistan.

Tents were erected in the fine gardens surrounding the spectacular mausoleum - the inspiration for the Taj Mahal - and spilled over to encircle the smaller tombs dotting the Mughal-era complex.

As space became scarce whole families huddled together with their life's possessions on the exposed upper levels of the grand courtyard of the enormous domed monument itself.

The regal fountains at Humayan's Tomb "became so fouled with human dirt that they had to be filled in with sand", wrote historian Yasmin Khan in her book 'The Great Partition'.